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    28 June 2017, Volume 12 Issue 3
    论文
    Detection of physiochemical characterization and synthesis pathway of melanin from Fonsecaea monophora
    CHEN Ying-dan, LU Chun, LI Mei-rong, MA Han, YIN Song-chao, ZHENG Zhi-xin, LI Hai-yi, XI Li-yan, FENG Pei-ying
    2017, 12(3):  129-134. 
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    Objective To study the melanin physiochemical characterization and melanin synthesis pathway of Fonsecaea monophora.Methods Pure melanin mass was extracted from the F.monophora isolate using the cell wall crude extract method.Then we used Ultravolet (Uv),Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra assay to evaluate the physiochemical characterization of melanin.Furthermore,we observed the pigment production of the colonies on different mediums (PDA,PDA with L-DOPA,PDA with DOPA-melanin inhibitors and PDA with DHN-melanin inhibitors),and the quantity of melanin produced on different above media were measured using BioTek Eon microplate reader.Results The melanin extracted from F.monophora shared similar physiochemical and spectroscopic properties with the synthetic L-DOPA melanin.The formation of melanin pigment statistically significant increased on the L-DOPA medium,and decreased on the DOPA-melanin inhibitor medium (sodium azide) and DHN-melanin inhibitors medium (phthalide and tricyclazole) compare to their blank contrast medium.Conclusions The melanin produced by F.monophora is mainly DOPA melanin,and it may synthesize simultaneously by DOPA-melanin and DHN-melanin pathway.

    Comparison of two immunosuppressive agents on the infection and inflammation of experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis mice models
    CHEN Yu-bao, CHEN Fei-fei, ZOU Chun-fang, SHAO Hong-tao
    2017, 12(3):  135-139. 
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    Objective To establish an experimental immunosuppressed mice model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA),to evaluated various parameters of the innate immune response during the progression of IPA.Methods Immunosuppressed mice received the intratracheal administration of A.fumigatus conidia after two immunosuppressive treatments:a corticosteroid (group A) and a cyclophosphamidum agent (group B).We compared host responses 24 h,48 h and 72 h after infection in terms of survival,lung tissue histopathological analysis,fungal burden,pulmonary production of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines.Results The group A showed longer survival than group B did (5.33 vs 2.5 d,P<0.05).Group A showed severe bleeding and congestive,and lung tissue granuloma formation;while group B showed visible A.fumigatus hyphae,tissue necrosis 48 h after infection.Through CFUs and A.fumigatus 18sRNA detections,fugal burdens were significantly lower in lungs of corticosteroid-treated mice than those of cyclophosphamidum-treated mice.This difference was also observed in livers and kidneys,indicating that the level of fungal dissemination was higher in group B than that of group A.In group B mice,the IL-10 concentration increased by 48 h after infection and peaked at 72 h (86+15 pg/mL).No TNF-α production was detected.In group A mice,both TNF-α and IL-10 were detected at very high concentrations at 48 h (3 120±393,434±97 pg/mL).IL-1α expression increased 24 h after infection in group A mice and continually increased within the 3 days.But in group B,IL-1α concentrations maintained with low level.In both group A and B,the expressions of IL-1β increased dramatically after infection.Conclusion Establishing the IPA animal models of the mice by corticosteroid and chemotherapy-treated,We found that IPA pathogenesis was difference between the two groups:the inflammation response of lung was severe in corticosteroid-treated mice than those in chemotherapy-treated mice,while chemotherapy-treated mice showing an adverse host response.

    Effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide on the biofilm formation of Trichosporon asahii
    SUN Wei, DENG Juan,SU Jian-rong
    2017, 12(3):  140-143. 
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    Objective To explore the effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide on the biofilm formation of Trichosporon asahii.Methods Morphological changes of the cells were observed by inverted microscope.And XTT reduction assay was used to elucidate the effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS)(100-0.1 μg/mL) on biofilm formation of Trichosporon asahii.Results Compared with the growth group,the biofilm formation of Trichosporon asahii was modulated by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS (the experimental group) in a time and concentration dependent manner.During the adhesion stage (2 h),the difference between the growth group and all experimental groups was not statistically significant.While during the biofilm formation stage (24 h),the biofilm formation could be inhibited statistically significant when the concentration of LPS was 100 μg/mL,10 μg/mL and 1 μg/mL.And under the biofilm maturation stage,only when the LPS was 100 μg/mL,the difference between the growth group and the experimental group was significantly different.Meanwhile,when the inhibition exhibited,the hyphal formation was obviously inhibited,mainly in the spore phase under the inverted microscope.Conclusions Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS could inhibit the Trichosporon asahii biofilm formation in a time and concentration dependent manner.And the inhibitory effect was achieved through reducing the hyphal formation,especially in 24 h,100 μg/mL.

    Disruption and Functions of CaCSC1 in Candida albicans
    YANG Yi, WANG Ya-nan, JIANG Ling-huo
    2017, 12(3):  144-147. 
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    Objective To construct deletion mutants for Candida albicans CaCSC1 and explore its functions.Methods The CaCSC1 knockout cassette containing the SAT1 flipper was PCR amplified using a pair of long primers.The cassette DNA was transformed into the wild type CAI4 strain,and genotypes of correct mutant strains were confirmed by PCR.Phenotypes of gene deletion mutants were screened by serial dilution assay.Results Gene deletion mutants of CaCSC1 were successfully constructed.Deletion mutants of CaCSC1 were sensitive to ketoconazole and tolerant against Zn2+,Mn2+ and Calcofluor white.Conclusions CaCsc1 participates in the regulation of zinc and magnesium homeostasis as well as plasma membrane and cell wall integrity in Candida albicans.

    Analysis of expression of SRB1、CDR1、ERG11 in fluconazole sensitive and resistant Candida albicans strains
    GAO Lai-qiang, WANG Hai-ying, WANG Xue-hong, LI Ai-lan, MA Qiang, ZHANG Hong
    2017, 12(3):  148-151,155. 
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    Objective To investigate the differences in the expression of Candida albicans SRB1 in Candida albicans fluconazol resistant strain and sensitive strain,and to explore the relationship between SRB1 and drug resistance in Candida albicans.Methods Two Candida albicans strains were from a same parent.We used real-time RT-PCR to observe the expression of the target genes of SRB1,CDR1,ERG11 in Candida albicans fluconazole resistant strain CA-16 and sensitive strain CA-3.Result Compared with CA-3,the expression of the mRNA of SRB1 and drug resistance gene CDR1,ERG11 in CA-16 increased.There was significant difference in the expression levels of SRR1、CDR1 and ERG11 (P<0.05).Conclusion The increased expression of SRB1 and the Candida albicans resistance to fluconazole was closely related,and SRB1 might be a new candidate genes associated with drug resistance.

    Recurrent genital 45 cases of vaginal Candida disease clinical treatment experience
    XIE Jun, JIN Qin, WU Dan
    2017, 12(3):  152-155. 
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    Objective To explore the suitable treatment for patients with RVVC.Methods Forty-five cases of RVVC patients were examined by vaginal discharge drop method and fungal culture method.According to drug sensitivity results,oral fluconazole (use itraconazole if resistant to fluconazole) combined vaginal administration of amphotericin B vaginal medication intensive treatment 3 months,and then clotrimazole vaginal tablets consolidation treatment for 6 months.After stopping the medication regularly follow-up for a year.Record the patient's chief complaint,and take their vaginal secretions to examined by vaginal discharge drop method and fungal culture method to determine whether the presence of Candida.Results Among the 45 patients,vaginal secretions were found in 39 cases (86.67%) of Candida albicans,4 cases (8.89%) of smooth Candida,1 case (2.22%) of Candida glabrata,1 case of Candida tropicalis (2.22%).The resistant rates of Candida to itraconazole,fluconazole,voriconazole,5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B were 28.89%,22.22%,17.78%,8.89% and 0.00%,respectively.Follow-up 1 year in 4 cases of recurrence,the effective rate of 91.11%,the rate of 8.89%.Conclusion The main pathogen of RVVC is Candida albicans.Candida is highly sensitive to amphotericin B and has low resistance.Fluconazole or itraconazole oral combination of amphotericin B vaginal topical treatment for intensive treatment,plus clotrimazole vaginal tablets for consolidation therapy,had a higher efficient of RVVC treatment.

    A case of cryptococcal meningitis misdiagnosed as tuberculous meningitis
    TAO Lu, ZHOU Wen-ming
    2017, 12(3):  156-158,161. 
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    To report one case of cryptococcal meningitis misdiagnosed as tuberculous meningitis.The patient was a 49-year-old female with intermittent headache,low fever,progressive visual and hearing damage for more than three months,who was diagnosed as tuberculous meningitis.After anti-tuberculous treatment for more than a month,the patient developed an elevated temperature to 39.4 degree,a severe headache and vomiting for 3 days.And the fungus cultivation of cerebrospinal fluid gotten by lumbar puncture was positive.Beside,the cryptococcal antigens titer testing was 1:80.So the patient was diagnosed as cryptococcal meningitis.Nowdays the condition of the patient was better than before and the etiological examinations of the cerebrospinal fluid become negative after antifungal treatments for half a year.

    The effects of NLRP3 inflammasome in fungal infection
    XU Zhi-qing, WU Da-qiang, SHAO Jing, WANG Tian-ming, WANG Chang-zhong
    2017, 12(3):  162-167. 
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    In fungal infection,host immune cells recognized pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs),such as beta-glucan,by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and trigger innate immunity against fungi.NLRP3,a member of NLR family,together with ASC and caspase-1,constituting NLRP3 inflammasome,participated in or controls fungal infection.In this paper,we reviewed the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the fungal infection in recent years.

    Research progress in grading the severity of onychomycosis
    ZANG Xiao-hui, YAO Zhi-yuan
    2017, 12(3):  168-170,179. 
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    Onychomycosis is a common fungal infectious disease of nails,the severity of which is related to the type of onychomycosis,suffering area,the thickness of hyperkeratosis,the age of patients,the existence of other diseases and other factors.A severity grading system,which is simple,reliable,easy to understand,is of great significance for prognostic evaluation,treatment selection and clinical and drug test.In this paper,the studies on onychomycosis severity score and grading are reviewed.

    Advances on the mechanism of laser therapy for onychomycosis
    LU Xiang-ting, Arun Karki, HUANG Xin, ZHAO Jing-jun
    2017, 12(3):  171-174. 
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    Onychomycosis is the most common nail disease in Department of Dermatology.It refers to the fungal infection of nail plate or nail bed with higher incidence in the general population.There is little safe,effective and alternative medicine for onychomycosis due to the side effects of drugs and the fewer kinds of antifungal drugs,especially in patients with impaired liver and kidney function.In recent years,domestic and foreign scholars pay close attention to laser as the main and auxiliary means for treatment of onychomycosis.The research progress on the mechanism of laser treatment of onychomycosis is addressed in this review.

    The recent progresses of anti-cancer fungal extracts
    ZENG Xuan-hao, ZHANG Qiang-qiang
    2017, 12(3):  184-192. 
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    This review summaries theadvance in anti-cancer fungal extracts in recent years.On the one hand,related multiple mechanisms might include the anti-cancer fungal extracts inducing apoptosis,inhibiting proliferation and angiogenesis.On the other hand,the anti-cancer effects of various anti-cancer fungal extracts in cancer cells are also reviewed.These study show that anti-cancer fungal extracts can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and induce apoptosis in cancer cells.The mechanisms of those functions involved various signal pathways,including Wnt,NK-κB,MAPK and Mitochondria related apoptosis signal pathways,and related to various proteins related to biological activity such as p38,bcl-2,c-jun,IκB,β-catenin,Akt.

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