Chinese Journal of Mycology

Effects of inhibiting Spitzenkörper formation on proliferation and murine pathogenicity of T. asahii

LI Mei, WANG Wang-ling, XIA Zhi-kuan, YANG Rong-ya

2014, 9(3): 129-133.

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Objective To investigate the effects of proliferation and pathogencity of T.asahii in murine model after inhibititing spitzenkörper formation.Methods The suspension of T.asahii were dealed with different concentration of Cytochalasin D for inhibiting Spitzenkörper formation.In vitro, each suspension was measured in the Growth Curve and colony.In vivo, the different suspensions were inoculated into ten mice through caudal vein respectively, and then the death rate was counted within three weeks. Meanwhile the main viscera of the mice were examined by mycologic culture and pathology and finally the infection rate were counted.Results Compared with the control group,the speed of fungal growth in the experimental group were prolonged about 8~16 h obviously and the colony on culture medium were also minished.The death rate and infection rate of mice were accordingly decreased with the increasing concentration of Cytochalasin D. In other words, pathogencity of T.asahii was clearly cut down.Conclusions When the Spitzenkörper formation being inhibited by Cytochalasin D, the proliferation of T.asahii was restricted and the pathogencity decreased apparently. With the increasing of density of Cytochalasin D, the pathogencity of mice decreased gradiently. It suggested that there might be a clue of a new anti-fungal target.

Eeffect of Fonsecaea monophora on the expressions of TLR2,TLR4,Dectin-1 and the production of TNF-α in macrophages

JIANG Li, ZHANG Jun-Min, SUN Jiu-Feng, XI Li-Yan, CAI Wen-Ying, XIAO Xing

2014, 9(3): 134-138.

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Objective To explore the effect of F.monophora on the expressions of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2),toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4),C-type lectin-1 (Dectin-1) and the production of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in macrophages.Method Murine macrophages (RAW264.7) were co-cultured with the meristematic mutant (CBS122845)and the albino mutant (CBS125149)of F.monophora. RAW264.7 macrophages were used as negative control. We detected the mRNA expressions of TLR2, TLR4, Dectin-1 and MyD88, NF-κB by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and detected the protein expressions of TLR2, TLR4, Dectin-1 by Flow CytoMetry (FCM). The protein expression of TNF-α was measured by ELISA.Results Compared with the negative control group, the mRNA and protein expressions of TLR2, TLR4, Dectin-1 and MyD88, NF-κB increased in CBS122845 and CBS125149 group. Compared to CBS125149 group, the mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 in CBS122845 group had no significant change, while the mRNA and protein expressions of TLR4, Dectin-1 and MyD88, NF-κB increased more significantly.Compared with the control group, CBS122845 group significantly decreased the protein secretion of TNF-α cytokine in culture supernatant, and CBS125149 group up-regulated the protein secretion of TNF-α cytokine obviously.Conclusion The pattern recognition receptors of TLR2, TLR4, Dectin-1 may participate in the recognization of F.monophora by macrophages,and activate the downstream signal molecules MyD88 and NF-κB;CBS122845 can inhibit the expression of TNF-α to maintain long-term growth and reproduction in macrophage.

The influence of culture media with different nitrogen and carbon nutrient sources on the biological characters of Trichophyton rubrum

HU Chan, ZHU Hong-Mei, TAN Hong-Yue, LI Ping, SONG Wei-fang, GU Jun, WEN Hai

2014, 9(3): 139-142,146.

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Objective To find the influence of culture medium with different kinds of nitrogen and carbon source on the growth morphology of Trichophyton rubrum.Method Point inoculated the Trichophyton rubrum on potato dextrose medium,trypsin agar medium, keratin glucose medium and glucose agar medium. Observed the morphology and tested the area of the colony after 2 weeks of incubation. Compared the growth morphology of Trichophyton rubrum when inoculated with and without glucose. Compared the influence of different keratin concentration to the growth morphology of Trichophyton rubrum.Result Different protein as nithogen source in different medium could all promote the growth of Trichophyton rubrum.Yet Trichophyton rubrum growed better in keratin culture and produced more red pigment. Glucose added to the keratin culture as carbon source could effectively promote the growth of Trichophyton rubrum and the production of red pigment.Conclusion The concentration of keratin in the culture medium can affect the growth of Trichophyton rubrum,and the glucose is the key factor to the production of red-pigment for Trichophyton rubrum. The overall understanding of metabolic mechanism of Trichophyton rubrum might provide a good basis for further study and even a good strategy of the antifungal research.

Antagonistic activity of extreme environment fungal isolates to Microsporum canis and Sporothrix sp.

GUO Yun, TAN Xing, LI Wen-hua, DENG Dan-qi

2014, 9(3): 143-146.

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Objective To detect antagonistic activity of fungal strains isolated from the extreme environment against Microsporum canis and Sporothrix.Method The 24 fungal strains were isolated from the extreme environment, and then the supernatants of their cultures were extracted, for exploring the antagonism for clinical pathogenic fungi such as Microsporum canis and Sporothrix sp. according to M38-A2 and E-test criterion.Results A total of 8 fungal strains' supernatants showed that diameters of bacteriostatic circles are equal or greater than 1.0 cm, which revealed evident antagonistic activity to Sporothrix sp. Similarly, 9 fungal strains' supernatants show evident antagonistic activity to Microsporum canis due to the diameters of bacteriostatic circles are equal or greater than 1.0 cm. The antagonism results revealed 90% of correlation in antagonism test using these two different fungal species. Seventy pencents of the fungal supernatants and the mycelium extracts of extreme environment fungi showed antagonistic activity for Microsporum canis and Sporothrix sp..Conclusion Some extreme environment fungi have antagonistic activites for Microsporum canis and Sporothrix.

Fungal arthritis of the knee caused by Candida parapsilosis：case report and literature review

LV Hong, HUANG Tu-lin, ZHU Hong-mei

2014, 9(3): 147-149,154.

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We report a rare case of fungal arthritis of the knee caused by Candida parapsilosis in a 53-year-old male, who had a history of diabetes and a superficial benign neoplasm resection of the left popliteal fossa. This patient had experienced continued pain and swelling on the left knee joint in a period of 7 years, and couldn't move freely.Candida parapsilosis was isolated from the left knee joint effusion.This case had mycologic cure and symptom improvement by treating with both arthroscopic debridement and intravenous fluconazole. Fungal arthritis is an unusual infection. It might occur in immunocompromised patients or those who had received previous invasive procedures on the joint. But for this case, the diabetes and the previous local superficial resection of the left popliteal fossa might the high risk factors. The early mycological examination will help to improve the early diagnosis and treatment.

Retrospective analysis of pulmonary zygomycosis in mainland China：a review of 102 cases

ZHAO Jing-yu, WANG Gui-zhen, ZHANG Jun-yong, YANG Ya-li, JIA Hong-ling, FANG Wei, PAN Wei-hua, LIAO Wan-qing

2014, 9(3): 150-154.

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Objective To investigate the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of pulmonary zygomycosis in mainland China.Methods Literatures about pulmonary zygomycosis in China were collected from the electrical databases, such as CNKI, CJDF, VIP, Chinese physician full-text journals, and also Pubmed since 1988. Then all the data were analyzed with the SPSS 15.0 software.Results Seventy-three articles (102 cases) were included in the study. Median age was 48.4 (range, 0.003-84) years old, with a male predominance (M：F=2.46). In China, patients with diabetes, HIV infection, viral hepatitis, and long-term utilization of corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressants, were more susceptible to pulmonary zygomycosis. Without specific clinical and radiographic features, its diagnosis was mainly dependent on mycologic and/or histopathological examination. Amphotericin B was the first-line antifungal drug for pulmonary zygomycosis, and better efficacy could be got if combined with surgical treatment.Conclusions In recent years, there is an increasing trend in the prevalence of pulmonary zygomycosis in mainland china. For highly suspected pulmonary zygomycosis, it's necessary to initiate early anti-fungal therapy, and combined surgical treatment may improve the outcome.

An analysis of clinical pathogens in 70 infant cases of tinea capitis

LI Mei-rong, YIN Song-chao, HUANG Huai-qiu, YE Cong-xiu, LAI Wei

2014, 9(3): 155-158,166.

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Objective To investigate the clinical features of tinea capitis in Guangzhou region.Methods A retrospective analysis of children with tinea capitis was conducted at Outpatient Department of Dermatology, third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (July, 2007-September 2013). The patients had a mean age of 6.0 (±3.6) years. Pathogens were determined by direct microscopic examination and fungal culture.Results Among 70 cases of clinically diagnosed patients with tinea capitis, 69 cases were positive for microscopic examination (99%) and 47 cases were positive for fungal culture (81%), 52 cases are Tinea alba (74%). The pathogenic stains mainly include 19 strains of Microsporum canis (40%), 13 strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes (28%), 5 strains of Trichophyton violaceum (11%), 3 strains of Microsporum gypseum (6%). Other causative pathogens were found in 8 cases (15%). Among them, 4-7-year-old children with tinea capitis account for 50% (35/70).Conclusion Tinea alba is the main clinical type of tinea capitis in Guangzhou area.Microsporum canis was the most frequent causative pathogen. The main age rang of cases is 4-7 years old.

The treatment of 128 patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

FENG Xiu-juan, YE Hui, ZHONG Ce-jun, LIU Zhen-zhen, LV Xiao-ju

2014, 9(3): 159-162,169.

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Objective To improve understanding of invasive pulmonary asperginosis (IPA) and pay more attention to the classification of IPA so as to provide evidences for rational antifungal chemotherapy.Method The clinical features of 128 cases of IPA were analyzed retrospectively in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from January to December in 2011. This study focused on the risk factors, clinical manifestations, imaging findings, diagnosis and treatment methods. A total of 128 patients were enrolled.Results Seventeen patients were confirmed IPA by the positive culture results from the specimens collected by the bronchoscopy. One hundred and eleven patients were diagnosed as probable IPA. All patients had underlying diseases. All patients accepted antifungal treatment. The antifungal agents included voriconazole (86), amphotericin B liposome (1), itraconazole (12),micafindan (3), capofungin (15),amphotericin B (10) and voriconazole combined with caspofungin (1). Eighty-one patients (63.28%) were cured or improved. Twenty-four patients (18.75%) discharged from hospital due to poor economic conditions. Twenty-three patients (17.97%) died.Conclusion Most IPA patients had a variety of risk factors for infection. To reduce mortality rate of IPA, we should pay more attention to its stratification diagnosis, and choose appropriate antifungal agents.

Clinical analysis of domestic amphotericin B on pulmonary invasive fungal infection

WANG Xue-li, FU Tian, WANG Cheng-li, HU Wen-neng, ZHANG Xi-jing

2014, 9(3): 163-166.

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Objective To analysis the therapeutic afficacy and adverse reactions of domestic amphotericin B on pulmonary invasive fungal infection in ICU.Methods Domestic amphotericin B was injected with steady speed by an intravenous injection pump. A total of 98 cases with pulmonary invasive fungal infection in ICU were reviewed.Results The clinical efficacy of domestic amphotericin B on the proven, the probable and the possible patients with invasive fungal infection was 28.57%,58.33% and 84.81% (P<0.01). The fungus clearance of domestic amphotericin B on the proven, the probable and the possible patients was 28.57%,41.67% and 84.81% (P<0.01).The adverse reactions included shiver and fever (9.18%),skin rash (4.08%),phlebitis (1.02%),nausea and vomiting (6.12%),hypokalaemia (16.32%),hepatic damage (1.02%) and renal impairment (4.08%). The adverse reaction occurred lowest when the daily dose was 0.5~0.8 mg·Kg^-1·d^-1, but highest when the daily dose was 1.2~1.5 mg·Kg^-1·d^-1 (P<0.05).Conclusions Domestic amphotericin B is affirmed in the therapy for IFI in ICU patients with tolerable adverse reactions by intravenous injection continuously.

Three cases of dermatophytoses with various clinical manifestations caused by Microsporum gypseum

ZHU Xiao-hong, ZHANG Hai-ping, YIN Xing-ping, HUA Hai-kang

2014, 9(3): 172-174.

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Three cases of dermatophytoses caused by Microsporum gypseum with various clinical manifestations were reported. Case 1 developed exudative erythema on the scrotum overlying white paint dot-like incrustation for 1 month. His father had the similar problem and they had shared a same pants. The father had frequent contact with domestic cat. Case 2 presented with a coin-sized erythema with crusts in the middle and exudation in the border on the left side of his face for 2 weeks after local abrasion. Case 3 had a coin-sized, well-circumscribed erythema overlying scattered papules and scales for 3 weeks. She occasionally played with the cat at home. A large amount of hyphea were noticed from the lesion by direct microscope examination. Fungal colonies developed on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) after inoculating for 2 weekswere identified as Microsporum gypseum. The lesions resolved completely after topical use of different antimycotic agents or oral itraconazole capsules for 1-2 weeks.

A case of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis with Candida tropicalis co-infection

HUANG Jing, HUANG Ling, WANG Min-hua, NI Chang-wen, YANG Ru-bin, BU Xiao-jing

2014, 9(3): 175-176.

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A case of primary cutaneous cryptococcosis was reported. A woman has been suffered from geographic ulcer (5 cm×5 cm) in the face for half a year. Histopathology examination revealed a large number of infiltrating inflammatory cells. Round spores with capsule were identified by PAS staining and GMS staining.Yet Candida tropicalis was identified by fungal culture. The patient was diagnosed as primary cutaneous cryptococcosis with Candida tropicalis co-infection and got quick improvement with itraconazole.

Progress of V-ATPase in Candida albicans

ZHOU Mi, KANG Ye, YAN Lan, JIANG Yuan-ying

2014, 9(3): 177-181.

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Candida albicans is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen in humans. V-ATPase is one of the proton transporter complexes, which is highly conserved in eukaryotes. V-ATPase sustains the pH steady between cytosolic and vacuolar. Recently V-ATPase has been concerned as a potential target in C.albicans. This article reviews its research progress.

Advances in Neurotropism of Cryptococcus neoformans

FA Zhen-Zong, FANG Wei, GU Ju-Lin, LIAO Wan-Qing

2014, 9(3): 182-185.

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Cryptococcus neoformans is a kind of opportunistic fungal pathogen which has a predilection for the central nervous system, resulting in devastating meningoencephalitis. In recent years,the study of the mechanism of Neurotropism of Cryptococcus neoformans has made a great progress. Many violence factors of this pathogen and several signing pathways of the host involved in this process have been discovered.

Advance on molecular identification of Dermatophytes

LIU Xin, MA Yan

2014, 9(3): 186-188,192.

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Currently the infection of dermatophytes had increased worldwidely, and caused widespread concern. The non-specific clinical symptoms of dermatophytoses might result in difficulties in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis. In order to diagnose dermatophytoses accurately and early, identification of dermatophytes was especially important. Current methods of identification were mainly morphological and molecular biology methods. This article focused on the rapid development of molecular biological methods, and exhibited their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dermatophytoses.

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