Table of Content

28 October 2012, Volume 7 Issue 5

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Analysis of relationship of retrotransposon TCA4 and drug resistance of Candida albicans

MIAO Qi, ZHANG Shi-qun, CAO Yong-bing, JIANG Yuan-ying

2012, (5):  261-264,283. 

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Objective To study the relationship between expression of retrotransposon TCA4 stimulated by high temperature (37℃) and resistance in Candida albicans strains, to explore the molecular mechanisms of drug-resistance in Candida albicans.Methods The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of stimulated Candida albicans strains to fluconazole were determined by broth microdilution method. Spot assay was performed to compare the resistance to miconazole and H₂O₂ between wild type and derivative strains. The total RNA of wild type and derivative strains were extracted, and the expression of the retrotransposon TCA4's ORFs (Orf19.2668 and Orf19.2669) were examined by real-time RT-PCR.Results Long-term exposure to high temperature enhanced the susceptible of Candida albicans to miconazole (2 μg/mL) and H₂O₂ (5 mmol/L);The incidences of Orf19.2668 and Orf19.2669 overexpression in strains induced by high temperature were significantly higher than those in parental strains ATCC-10231.Conclusion Fluconazole-resistance in Candida albicans strains is related to the transposition of retrotransposons TCA4. At the same time there may be other mechanisms involved in the formation of drug resistance in Candida albicans strains.

Purification of capsular polysaccharide GXM from Cryptococcus neoformans and it's role in regulating MR expression in macrophages

LI Ping, TAN Hong-yue, HU Chan, CHEN Li-hua, HUANG You-ming, ZHONG Bin, ZHU Hong-mei, WEN Hai

2012, (5):  265-268. 

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Objective To isolate and purificate capsular polysaccharide GXM from Cryptococcus neoformans B3501 and observe whether can GXM regulate MR expression in macrophages.Methods Alcohol was used to precipitate capsular polysaccharide and hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was used to precipitate GXM specifically. Western blot was used to verify MR expression in macrophages stimulated by GXM for 24 h.Results Up to milligram of GXM was isolated and purificated from the culture supernatant of Cryptococcus neoformans B3501,and MR expression did not change significantly in macrophages stimulated by GXM.Conclusion GXM purificated from Cryptococcus neoformans did not regulate MR expression in macrophages.

Rapid clinical yeast identification by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

JIN Ying, YANG Shuang-feng, WANG Jun-fang, LIU Jin, CUI Yun-tao, ZHOU Xin, ZHAO Hua-bing

2012, (5):  269-272. 

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Objective To establish a rapid identification method of clinical yeast.Methods Total 150 isolated clinical yeast strains were analyzed by Bruker Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS)and VITEK 2-compact system respectively, and the different results were determined by gene sequencing.Results All 150 clinical yeast strains were identified accurately and rapidly by MALDI-TOF-MS. A total of 100% of isolates were identified correctly at the genus level, with 94% identified correctly at the species level.Conclusion The MALDI-TOF MS-based method was found to be reproducible and accurate, with low consumable costs and minimal preparative time. These results demonstrated that MALDI-TOF-MS could be a rapid technique for identification of clinical yeast.

Incidence and pathogen changes of kerion in Shanghai:a 19-year retrospective study

ZHU Min, LI Li, ZHU Jun-hao, ZHANG Qiang-qiang

2012, (5):  273-276. 

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Objective To find out incidence and pathogens of kerion in Shanghai in the last 19 years.Methods Retrospective analysis was used. Diagnosis of tinea capitis was confirmed by direct microscopic examination and (or) fungal culture. The identification of fungi was based on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the colonies. Clinical features,hair invasion patterns and pet contact history were recorded for each patient.Results Total 1 009 tinea capitis cases were in the servey. Kerion was seen in 114 cases: 44 males and 70 females. Their age was from 20 days to 68 years old with an average of 10.60 years. Kerion was most often seen in children between 5 and 10 years of age,followed by children younger than 5 years old. Ectothrix (66 cases) was more than endothrix (48 cases) on the patterns of invasion in kerion patients.Ninety-five kerion cases were positive cultured. Microsporum canis (30.53%) was the most common pathogen, followed by, Trichophyton violaceum (22.11%), T. mentagrophytes (20.00%), T. rubrum (15.79%), T. tousurans (7.37%) and M.gypseum (4.21%). Incidence of kerion was rising especially caused by T. mentagrophytes.Conclusions Kerion was common seen in children younger than 10 years old. M. canis was the most common pathogen and ectothrix was the main invasion pattern of kerion in Shanghai.

Pathogenic fungi and clinical analysis of 118 cases with tinea faciei

YANG Hong, GAO Zhi-qin, LI Min, DAI He-jun, YANG Lian-juan

2012, (5):  277-279. 

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Objective To assess the age distribution of the tinea faciei patients, the most common causative dermatophytes and clinical presentation of tinea faciei.Methods The patients with tinea facie treated in Dermatological Clinic during the period Jan 2012-Jun 2012 were evaluated. The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of skin specimens and culture on Sabouraud's medium with added chloramphenicol. Data of basic information, medicine histories and clinical characteristics from the 118 cases of tinea faciei were analyzed.Results Tinea faciei could occur in any age groups, however, could often been observed between 51 to 70 year old. Most frequently isolated dermatophytes are Trichophyton rubrum (68.0%), Microsporum canis (20.4%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (9.7%), Microsporum gypseum (1.9%). Autoinoculation, contacting with infected pets and immoderate using of corticosteroid cream were the significant risk factors of tinea faciei. Using medical swab can enhance fungal smear and culture quality on the obvious inflammatory sites.Conclusion As tinea faciei was easily misdiagnosed; more attention should be given on mycological examination of skin specimens.

The retrospective analysis of hospital fungal infection in Bullous disease patients treated with corticosteroids

YI Xue-mei, DING Yang-feng, MA Jun, SU Li-na, LOU Wei

2012, (5):  280-283. 

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Objective To investigate the risk factors, the pathogen classification,clinical characteristics and prevention countermeasures of hospital fungal infection in Bullous disease patients treated with corticosteroids.Methods Sixty-seven patients with bullous pemphigoid and 38 patients with pemphigus treated with glucocorticoid were enrolled in this study. Their clinical data were collected to calculate the rate of hospital fungal infection and analysize its related risk factors.Results The rate of hospital fungal infection was 32.38% in Bullous disease patients treated with corticosteroids. The rates of oral and pulmonary fungal infections were 27.61% and 13.33%, and the main pathogens included C. albicans (69.77%), C. tropical (11.63%) and C. parapsilosis (6.98%). The fungal infections were obviously associated with corticosteroids doses, inmunoinhibitors, antibiotics and the history of diabetes, and immune inhibitors, antibiotics. History of diabetes were considered as the independent risk factors.Conclusion A high incidence of fungal infection was found in Bullous disease patients treated with corticosteroids. The inmunoinhibitors, antibiotics and history of diabetes were the main risk factors.

Analysis of mixed infection in superficial mycoses

YI Shun-qiang, LIU Li

2012, (5):  284-286,289. 

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Objective To investigate the prevalence and pathogenic fungi species of mixed infection in superficial mycoses in Puyang district.Methods Total 494 specimens of clinically suspected patients with dermatomycoses were examined for causative fungi. The clinical materials of each patient with microscopy positive and/or fungal culrure positive were recorded and analyzed.Results Thirty-six cases were diagnosed mixed infection by dermatophyte and candidia (7.89%). Tinea cruris (58.33%) and tinea pedis (27.78%) are mostly seen. Seventy-two strains of pathogenic fungi were isolated, in which the most frequently isolated dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum (75.00%), the most frequently isolated candida was non-Candida albicans (72.22%).Conclusion In Puyang district, mixed infection in superficial mycoses is increasing, mixed infection by dermatophyte and Candida in tinea cruris and tinea pedis are mostly seen. Trichophyton rubrum is the most frequent pathogen, followed by non-Candida albicans.

Clinical investigation and pathogenic fungus analysis of 637 onychomycosis cases

LIANG Xiao-bo, LI Ting-hui, HU Rong, YANG Yang, WU Jian-hua

2012, (5):  287-289. 

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Objective To analyze the clinical features, pathogenic fungus distribution and correlation between fungus and clinical patterns of onychomycosis with positive fungal culture in 637 cases.Methods Fungal culture and clinical analysis were performed on 637 cases of onychomycosis with positive result by fungal cultivation.Results DLSO were the most frequently clinical patterns. Of all the 637 cases of onychomycosis with positive fungal culture. The rates of dermatophytes, yeasts and non-dermatophytic moulds were 69.39%,18.68% and 11.93% respectively. There are differences between patients with different sex and age. Dermatophytes were the dominate strains.Conclusion In Northwest Beijing region, the dominant clinical type of onychomycosis with positive fungal culture is DLSO. The most frequent pathogenic fungus of onychomycosis is Trichophyton spp.

Investigation on genital candidias within couples

LI Yan, WU Ri-Na

2012, (5):  290-292,311. 

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Objective To investigate wether the genital candidiasis is resulted from the same pathogenic fungus between the couple and to guide the clinic treatment by drug sensitivity test.Methods Use common ways to cultivate candida. API 20C AUX and the microdilution method were used to do identification and drug sensitivity test of candida.Results Eighty-eight genital candida strains were isolated. Fouty-one couples surffered from the same candida, which was significant diffrence compared with the control (P<0.05) Eighty-eight genital candida strains were senstive to nystatin and clotrimazole,but showed different drug resistence with itraconazole and fluconazole.Conclusion When one of the couple suffer from genital candidias, the other should have detail examination and individual therapy in order to reduce the rate of recurrence.

The clinical efficacy of adjustment of vaginal microenvironment in the treatment of pregnancy recurrent valvovaginal candidiasis

XIN Chong-min, ZHAO Tong, XU Bao-lan

2012, (5):  293-296. 

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Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of lactobacillus vaginal capsules for adjustment of vaginal microenvironment in the treatment of pregnancy recurrent valvovaginal candidiasis.Methods Total 266 outpatients of pregnancy recurrent valvovaginal candidiasis from December 2009 to December 2011 in our hospital were divided into experimental group and control group by random principle. The patients of experimental group took lactobacillus vaginal capsules and the antifungal treatment by clotrimazole suppository combined with traditional chinese medicine; the patients of control group took only clotrimazole suppository combined with traditional chinese medicine. The clinical effects, the rates of long-term self-healing,the long-term recurrence and the recurrence rates during delivery after the end of treatment were observed.Results The short term cure rates of the two groups were similar (P>0.05), however, there was statistic differences in the rates of long-term self-healing, the long-term recurrence rates and the recurrence rates during delivery after the application of lactobacillus vaginal capsules on experimental group (P<0.05). The rate of long-term self-healing was 28.57% in experimental group,which was significantly higher than that in control group and the long-term recurrence rate was 11.03% in experimental group, which was significantly lower than that in control group (26.92%) and the recurrence rate during delivery after treatment was 10.29% in experimental group, which was significantly lower than that in control group (29.23%).Conclusion Adjustment of vaginal microenvironment with application lactobacillus vaginal capsules and the antifungal treatment by clotrimazole suppository combined with traditional chinese medicine have good therapeutic effects on the treatment of pregnancy recurrent valvovaginal candidiasis, with high self-healing rate, low rate of recurrence and little side reaction.

Tinea corporis due to Microsporum canis: a case report

FENG Jiao, WANG Xue-lian, LIU Juan, WU Fan, WANG Gao-feng, DENG De-quan, SANG Hong

2012, (5):  302-303. 

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To report one case of tinea corporis caused by Microsporum canis.The patient was a 27-year-old female presented multiple annular erythemas on the forehead and neck for 2 weeks. Tinea corporis caused by Microsporum canis was diagnosed by fungal examination. The lesions were cured after terbinafine cream combined with griseofulvin topical use for 1 week.

A role of MAPK pathway in the pathogenic mechanism of Cryptcococcus neoformans

HUANG You-ming, ZHU Hong-mei, WEN Hai

2012, (5):  304-308. 

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Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gatti is a dimorphic basidiomycetous pathogenic fungus.Cryptococcus meningitis is the most common cryptococcosis, causing high mortality and morbidity. Efficient communication with host's environment is crucial to survival of Cryptococcus neoformans. Cryptococcus neoformans has developed complex signaling systems to sense and reply to their environment, to control proliferation and virulence. Including HOG-MAPK (high osmolarity glycerol mitogen activated protein kinase signaling transduction pathway), PKC-MAPK (protein kinase C mitogen activated protein kinase signaling transduction pathway), and Ste12-MAPK (sterile12 transcriptors mitogen activated protein kinase signaling transduction pathway),MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)signaling pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways. Investigation on components of these MAPK signaling pathways is not only useful to discover their role in Crytococcosis, but also helpful to explore new possible antifungal drug targets.

Fungal infection in the digestive system

DU Xiao-qing, ZHOU Wen-ming

2012, (5):  316-320. 

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Fungal infection in the digestive system refers to fungus invading esophageal,gastrointestinal tract,liver,gallbladder, pancreas or other tissues and organs of the digestive system. In the digestive system fungal infection, the most common is the liver involvement. This paper reviewed pathogen, clinical manifestation, pathological characteristics and treatment of the digestive system fungal infection.