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    28 June 2012, Volume 7 Issue 3
    Detection of (1,3)-β-D-Glucan and Galactomannan for diagnosis of invasive fungal disease
    ZHENG Gang, YU Jin, LI Xue-ying, WAN Zhe, LI Ruo-yu
    2012, 7(3):  132-135. 
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    Objective To evaluate the non-culture diagnostic methods for diagnosis of invasive fungal disease (IFD).Methods A retrospective study was performed on hospitalized patients of Peking University First Hospital who were at risk of IFD. The diagnosis of invasive fungal infection was according to revised definitions. Non-culture methods including galactomannan emzyme immunoassay (GM test)and (1,3)-β-D-glucan assay (G test) were analysed of sensitivity, specificity, and concordance rate, respectively. Two tests were combined to evaluate the changes of sensitivity, specificity, and concordance rate.Results The sensitivity and specificity were 70%, 84% in GM test; 50%, 92% in G test; and 93%, 78% in combined utility of two tests.Conclusions The GM test and G test were both useful in diagnosis of IFD. The better sensitivity and concordance rate might be acquired by combining these two tests.
    Intrathecal injection of amphotericin B in the pharmacological therapy of cryptococcal meningitis, a meta-analysis
    ZHANG Xin, TU Bo, FAN Rong, NIE Wei-min, ZHAO Min
    2012, 7(3):  136-141. 
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    Objective To assess the effectiveness and safety of intrathecal injection of amphotericin B in the therapy of cryptococcal meningitis.Methods The databases such as the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 1, 2012), Pubmed, Ovid, Springer, FMJS, CBMdisc,CMCC,CNKI,WanFang DATA,VIP Information and the CMA DATA were electronically searched (from establishment to February,2012).And the reference of the included articles were also manually searched. Controlled trials in which amphotericin B were intrathecal injected to treat patients with cryptococcal meningitis were collected. Then the retrieved studies were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the quality of the included studies were evaluated, and meta-analyses were performed by RevMan 5.1.6 software.Results Eighty-nine articles were found,6 controlled trials involving 175 patients were finally included. The results of meta-analysis showed that compared with control,intrathecal inject amphotericin B could significantly improve the effective rate[OR=4.59,95%CI(2.19,9.64),P<0.000 1],and shorten the duration of meningeal irritation sign at 8.56 d (95% CI -11.74~-5.38,P<0.000 01),but brought about more adverse events.Conclusion Currently available evidence show that intrathecal injection of amphotericin B can improve therapeutic effect of cryptococcal meningitis,but its clinical application is limited by more adverse events. However, due to lack of quality in the included studies, more studies of better quality should be performed.
    In vitro activity of posaconazole against 43 clinical isolates of zygomycetous fungi by E-test
    WANG Si-bu, WAN Zhe, LI Ruo-yu, YU Jin
    2012, 7(3):  142-145. 
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    Objective To investigate the in vitro acvtivity of posaconazole against 43 clinical isolates of zygomycetous fungi.Methods Forty-three clinical strains were re-identified by ITS region sequencing. The minimal inhibitory concentration of posaconazole against 43 clinical isolates of zygomycetous fungi was assayed by E-test.Results Forty-three strains included Rhizopus microsporus (12 isolates),Mucor irregularis (12 isolates),R.oryzae (10 isolates),Lichtheimia ramosa (3 isolates),L.ornata (1 isolate),Syncephalastrum racemosum (1 isolate),Rhizomucor pusillus (1 isolate),M.circinelloides (1 isolate),M.indicus (1 isolate) and M.hiemalis ( 1 isolate). The MIC ranges of posconazole against Mucor spp.,Rhizopus spp. and Lichtheimia spp. in E-test were 0.19->32 μg/mL, 0.19-3 μg/mL and 0.002-0.38 μg/mL, respectively. The MIC values of posaconazole against Syncephalastrum racemosum and Rhizomucor pusillus were 1 μg/mL and 0.19 μg/mL, respectively.Conclusion Most isolates of zygomycetous fungi were susceptible to posaconazole. The MIC values of Mucor spp. were relatively variable.
    Effect of mannose receptor of alveolar macrophage on cryptococcal pneumonia in immunodepressive rats
    XU Nan, XIAO Qin, YAO Wei, CHU Wei-fang, XIAO Xiao-qing, GU Ju-lin, WEN Hai
    2012, 7(3):  146-149,167. 
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    Objective To explore the effect of mannose receptor of alveolar macrophage on cryptococcal pneumonia in immunodepressive rats.Methods Immunodepressive rats model was set up to observe the influence of immunodepression on the expression of mannose receptors by flow cytometry.The alveolar macrophages were cocultured with Cryptococcus neoformans and the phagocytosis was observered.Results On the endpoint of the observation, the expression of mannose receptors and the phagotosis of Cryptococcus neoformans in immunodepressive rats showed no significant difference with those in normal rats.Conclusions Immunodeficiency is not the key factor for the expression of mannose receptors.
    Trend of drug resistance in clinical Candida albicans isolates from intensive care unit in Changzheng Hospital,2002-2009
    JU Xu-feng, ZHANG Wei, WU Xiao, SHAN Hong-wei, GUAN Jun
    2012, 7(3):  150-152,169. 
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    Objective To investigate an eight-year resistance change of clinically isolated Candida albicans strains in intensive care unit (ICU) in our hospital and to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods Four hundred and fourteen Candida albicans strains were isolated from 414 cases in ICU during 2002-2009. Among those isolates, 277 strains were performed sensitivity tests. Cox-Stuart trend test was used to analyze the change of Candida albicans proportion in whole isolated fungi and their resistance to commonly used antifungal angents.Results The Candida albicans isolates increased from 34 in 2002 to 92 in 2009, while their proportions in whole isolated fungi ranged from 34.6% to 55.7% (P=0.03). Average resistance rates of Candida albicans to antifungal angents were 5-fluorocytosine 4.0%, amphotericin B 0.7%, miconazole 47.0%, ketoconazole 10.8%, itraconazole 19.9%, terbinafine 42.6%, fluorocytosine 14.6% and voriconazole 13.0%, respectively. No significant changes of Candida albicans resistance to 5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin B and itraconazole in 8 years were detected (P=0.06,P=0.06,P=0.31 respectively).Conclusions The recent eight-year data shows Candida albicans still remains to be the commonest clinical fungal isolate in ICU in Changzheng Hospital,though its proportion in whole fungal isolates being in trend of decrease, and its resistant rate to commonly used antifungal agents having not changed significantly.
    An analysis of programs in medical mycology funded by NSFC during 1988-2011 and review of literatures
    LI Qi, LI Min, GUO Ning-ru, GAO Yuan, ZHANG Ai-hua, LIAO Wan-qing, WU Shao-xi
    2012, 7(3):  153-155. 
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    Objective By analysis of programs in medical mycology funded by NSFC during 1988-2011 and by review of relative literatures in medical mycology to find the hot points and tricks of application.Methods By visiting the ISIS system of NSFC, programs of codes C0107,H1104 and H1903 funded in medical mycology during 1988-2011 enrolled into this study.Results There are totally 95 programs funded by NSFC in medical mycology during 1988-2011. The number of funds raised every year during this period. The top 3 fields funded are Candida,Cryptococcus and Aspergillus.There are lots fruitful papers published in domestic and SCI journals.Conclusions Supported by NSFC, marked improvement and progress had been achieved in medical mycological basic research during 1988-2011.
    Total RNA extraction of Cryptococcus neoformans
    XU Chi-yu, LIU Cui-jie, WU Jian-hua, QIU Yun, ZHAO Jin, ZHU Hong-mei, WEN Hai
    2012, 7(3):  156-160. 
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    Objective A quick approach to extract high quality total RNA from Cryptococcus neoformans plays a vital role in researches on the molecular detection and disease-related gene expression of high pathogenic Cryptococcus neoformans.Method Cryptoccocus neoformans strain and Cryptoccocus neoformans capsule deficient strain were used in the research. Four methods were designed to perform the extraction: acid washed glass beads approach, liquid nitrogen approach, guanidinium isothiocyanate one step approach and acid washed glass beads associated with Yeast RNA kit approach. RNA quality is determined by measurement of OD260 and OD280 with UV spectrophotometer, by agarose gel electrophoresis and by quantitative PCR.Result RNA yield of the four approaches, namely, acid washed glass beads approach, liquid nitrogen approach, guanidinium isothiocyanate one step approach and acid washed glass beads associated with Yeast RNA kit approach, was 0.2 μg/105 cells, 0.4 μg/105 cells, 0.1 μg/105 cells and 0.6 μg/105 cells respectively.Conclusion RNA which gained by the approach of acid washed glass beads associated with Yeast RNA kit has the best homogeneity and integrity. Thus, this method is ideal to perform the extraction of total RNA from Cryptococcus neoformans under protection of capsule and cell wall.
    Successfully treatment of chromoblastomycosis with itraconazole and terbinafine association:a case report
    WANG Ai-ping, SUN Yi, TU Ping, CHEN Wei, WAN Zhe, LI Ruo-yu
    2012, 7(3):  161-162,165. 
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    We report here in a case of chromoblastomycosis caused by Chladophialophora carrionii in a 43-year-old male, who showed erythematous plaques on the right upper arm for 5 years. Histopathologically, chronic granulomatous inflammation and sclerotic cells were observed.Chladophialophora carrionii was identified by culture. The patient was treated with itraconazole (200 mg, QD) and terbinafine (250 mg, QD) association for 12 weeks.Skin lesions were cured.
    Facial tinea due to Microsporum gypseum:a case report and review of the literature
    ZENG Mei-hua, CHEN Jun, KONG Qing-tao, SANG Hong, DENG De-quan, HU Wen-xing, YAN Wen-liang
    2012, 7(3):  163-165. 
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    A case of facial tinea due to Microsporum gypseum was reported.A five year old boy presented with erythema, papula, papulopustule for 20 days on his right cheek after trauma. Diagnosis of Microsporum gypseum infection was confirmed by microscope and fungal culture.The lesion was cured after topical use of ketoconazole cream for 2 weeks.It didn't recur in one month's follow-up.
    Tinea faciei misdiagnosed as other dermatoses:a case report
    TANG Li, WANG Hong-wei
    2012, 7(3):  166-167. 
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    To report a case of tinea faciei caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes which had been misdiagnosed for a long time. A 37-year-old female presented recurrent erythema, papule and blister on her face, accompanying with itching. She was misdiagnosed as Herpes simplex, Impetigo, Eczema, Skin infection, Seborrheic dermatitis and Acne rosacea, and successively treated with anti-viral, anti-bacterial and antianaphylaxis drugs. The lesion didn't resolve, but gradually expanded. After fungal examination, she was diagnosed as tinea faciei caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The patient was cured by oral terbinafine combined with bifonazole cream.
    Efficacy of once-daily treatment with sertaconazole cream in patients with tinea cruris
    YUE Xi-ang, LIU Wei-bing, CHEN Hong-xiao, YANG Hua
    2012, 7(3):  170-172. 
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    Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of once-daily sertaconazole cream in treatment of tinea cruris.Methods Patients with tinea cruris were treated with sertaconazole cream for 4 weeks and were randomly enrolled into trial group (once daily) or control group (twice daily).The clinical observations were taken before and after 2 week ,4 week treatment, and 2 weeks after the treatment.Results The clinical and mycological effects of 2 groups had no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) at the end of 4 week treatment and 2 weeks after the treatment. But the mycological effects of 2 groups showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05)after 2 week treatment.Conclusions Once-daily Sertaconazole cream is effective and safe in the treatment of tinea cruris.
    Advances in the matrix of Candida albicans biofilms
    WANG Chang-zhong, SHAO Jing, WANG Tian-ming, CHENG Hui-juan
    2012, 7(3):  178-183. 
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    Recently, more and more attention was being paid to resistance of Candida albicans to antifungal drugs. One of the resistance mechanisms was attributed to biofilm formation. The biofilms strongly attached to biologic or nonbiologic substrata were mainly made up of communities of microorganisms enclosed within a self-produced extracellular matrix. Consisting of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, etc. the matrix is not only involved in biofilm structure formation but also closely related to the resistance to therapeutic agents. This review focused on recent information about chemical compositions and properties, functions, influencing factors, gene regulation, and drug treatment of biofilm matrix, and discussed its potential applications as diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.
    Advances in research of the "bitter and cold" kind of traditional Chinese medicine against Candida albicans
    LIN Hui, ZHANG Shi-qun, MIAO Qi, CAO Yong-bing, JIANG Yuan-ying
    2012, 7(3):  184-187. 
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    Fungus (main C.albicans) infection phenomenon is serious, and fungal resistance phenomenon has become the major problem in the treatment. According to traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory, "bitter and cold" kind of TCM can be effective to treat various infections. It has definite Instruct meaning for finding out the new drugs or the new ones combining with fluconazole against the resistant fungi. The research on "bitter and cold" kind of TCM against the resistant fungi are reviewed.
    Current treatment of onychomycosis
    CHEN Li-hua, ZHU Hong-mei, WEN Hai
    2012, 7(3):  188-192. 
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    Onychomycosis is the most common nail disease. The pathogens of onychomycosis include dermatophytes, yeasts of Candida species and nondermatophyte moulds. Common treatment of onychomycosis can be divided into topical and systemic therapy. Recently, new developed antifungal agents and new technologies of topical treatment will become potent complement and new direction of onychomycosis therapy. In this article, we review the current therapeutic strategies of onychomycosis in recent years.
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