Human Protothecosis: literature review of previously published cases in the last decade

Abstract

Abstract:

We systematically review all the published cases in the last decade to realize the newest incidence and trends of protothecosis and comprehensively analyze the new character of protothecosis in epidemiology,clinical manifestations,therapy and prognosis.The amount of protothecosis cases since the first case had been reported was 190,and nearly 33% of the cases were reported in last decade.In recent years,the cases of disseminated protothecosis almost equals cutaneous protothcosis.In last decade,9 cases had been reported in mainland which conclude half of total number of protothcosis in China.The diagnose of protothecosis still relied on mycology and histopathology examination.Amphotericin B and its liposome were still the most commonly used and effective antifungal to cure protothcosis.These showed the rising incidence of protothcosis or disseminated protothecosis worldwide.

Key words: Protothecosis, Prototheca zopfii, Prototheca wickerhamii

CLC Number:

R519.5

ZENG Xuan-hao, ZHANG Qiang-qiang. Human Protothecosis: literature review of previously published cases in the last decade[J]. Chinese Journal of Mycology, 2016, 11(5): 310-315.

References

[1] Mayorga J,Barba-Gomez JF,Verduzco-Martinez AP,et al.Protothecosis[J].Clin Dermatol,2012,30(4):432-436.
[2] Hench J,Roschanski N,Hewer E,et al.Granulomatous Encephalitis:Protothecosis Excluded[J].Histopathology,2016.doi:10.1111/his.13020.[Epub ahead of print]
[3] Zhang Q,Li L,Yuli K,et al.A case of cutaneous protothecosis mimics eczema[J].Mycopathologia,2015,179(1-2):163-166.
[4] Seok JY,Lee Y,Lee H,et al.Human cutaneous protothecosis:report of a case and literature review[J].Korean J Pathol,2013,47(6):575-578.
[5] Solky AC,Laver NM,Williams J,et al.Prototheca wickerhamii infection of a corneal graft[J].Cornea,2011,30(10):1173-1175.
[6] Zhang Q,Weng X,Li L,et al.An unusual case of granulomatous lymphadenitis due to Prototheca zopfii var.portoricensis in an immunocompetent man in China[J].Int J Infect Dis,2010,14 Suppl 3:e32-e35.
[7] 章强强.中国无绿藻病发病的现状分析及其诊治[J].实用皮肤病学杂志,2013,6(02):65-67.
[8] Macesic N,Fleming S,Kidd S,et al.Protothecosis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation:case report and review of previous cases[J].Transpl Infect Dis,2014,16(3):490-495.
[9] Woo JY,Suhng EA,Byun JY,et al.A case of cutaneous protothecosis in an immunocompetent patient[J].Ann Dermatol,2016,28(2):273-274.
[10] Ramirez I,Nieto-Rios JF,Ocampo-Kohn C,et al.Protothecal bursitis after simultaneous kidney/liver transplantation:a case report and review[J].Transpl Infect Dis,2016,18(2):266-274.
[11] Todd JR,King JW,Oberle A,et al.Protothecosis:report of a case with 20-year follow-up,and review of previously published cases[J].Med Mycol,2012,50(7):673-689.
[12] Hightower KD,Messina JL.Cutaneous protothecosis:a case report and review of the literature[J].Cutis,2007,80(2):129-131.
[13] Zak I,Jagielski T,Kwiatkowski S,et al.Prototheca wickerhamii as a cause of neuroinfection in a child with congenital hydrocephalus.First case of human protothecosis in Poland[J].Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis,2012,74(2):186-189.
[14] Kwong JC,Ward PB,Johnson PD.Cutaneous protothecosis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia[J].Med Mycol Case Rep,2013,2(1):132-133.
[15] Gaitanis G,Nomikos K,Zioga A,et al.Multifocal cutaneous protothecosis in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome[J].Hippokratia,2012,16(1):95.
[16] Yamada N,Yoshida Y,Ohsawa T,et al.A case of cutaneous protothecosis successfully treated with local thermal therapy as an adjunct to itraconazole therapy in an immunocompromised host[J].Med Mycol,2010,48(4):643-646.
[17] Humphrey S,Martinka M,Lui H.Cutaneous protothecosis following a tape-stripping injury[J].J Cutan Med Surg,2009,13(5):273-275.
[18] Carneiro FP,Moraes MA,Rebelo AM,et al.Cutaneous protothecosis:case report[J].Rev Soc Bras Med Trop,2007,40(4):466-468.
[19] Sheikh-Ahmad M,Goldstein S,Potasman I.Prototheca wickerhamii hand infection successfully treated by itraconazole and voriconazole[J].J Travel Med,2006,13(5):321-323.
[20] Curbelo A,Pankey GA.A man presenting with nodules on hands and elbows[J].Clin Infect Dis,2009,48(8):1114-1115,1160-1161.
[21] Pimentel CL,Alegre M,Dalmau J,et al.Erythematous papules on the leg[J].Arch Dermatol,2006,142(7):921-926.
[22] Dalmau J,Pimentel CL,Alegre M,et al.Treatment of protothecosis with voriconazole[J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2006,55(5 Suppl):S122-S123.
[23] Sykora T,Horakova J,Buzzasyova D,et al.Protothecal peritonitis in child after bone marrow transplantation:case report and literature review of paediatric cases[J].New Microbes New Infect,2014,2(6):156-160.
[24] Narita M,Muder RR,Cacciarelli TV,et al.Protothecosis after liver transplantation[J].Liver Transpl,2008,14(8):1211-1215.
[25] Bandaranayake TD,Paniz MA,Peaper DR,et al.Prototheca wickerhamii algaemia:an emerging infection in solid organ transplant recipients[J].Transpl Infect Dis,2015,17(4):599-604.
[26] Mohd TR,Sabaratnam P,Salleh MA,et al.Characterization of Prototheca wickerhamii isolated from disseminated algaemia of kidney transplant patient from Malaysia[J].Mycopathologia,2012,173(2-3):173-178.
[27] Van den Bossche D,De Bel A,Hendrickx M,et al.Galactomannan enzymatic immunoassay cross-reactivity caused by Prototheca species[J].J Clin Microbiol,2012,50(10):3371-3373.
[28] Zhang QQ,Zhu LP,Weng XH,et al.Meningitis due to Prototheca wickerhamii:rare case in China[J].Med Mycol,2007,45(1):85-88.
[29] Mathew LG,Pulimood S,Thomas M,et al.Disseminated protothecosis[J].Indian J Pediatr,2010,77(2):198-199.
[30] Fong K,Tee SI,Ho MS,et al.Cutaneous protothecosis in a patient with previously undiagnosed HIV infection[J].Australas J Dermatol,2015,56(3):e71-e73.
[31] Gandham NR,Vyawahare CR,Chaudhaury N,et al.Onychoprotothecosis:An uncommon presentation of protothecosis[J].Indian J Med Microbiol,2015,33(3):435-437.
[32] Yun CH,Jeong JH,Ryu HR,et al.Cutaneous protothecosis responds rapidly to voriconazole[J].Int J Dermatol,2015,55(12):1373-1377.
[33] Silva PC,Costa ESS,Lima RB,et al.Cutaneous protothecosis——case report[J].An Bras Dermatol,2013,88(6 Suppl 1):183-185.
[34] Zhang QQ,Li L,Zhu LP,et al.Cutaneous protothecosis in patient with diabetes mellitus and review of published case reports[J].Mycopathologia,2012,173(2-3):163-171.
[35] Srisuttiyakorn C,Sindhuphak W.Cutaneous protothecosis:a case report from Thailand[J].Int J Dermatol,2012,51(11):1340-1342.
[36] Lu S,Xi L,Qin W,et al.Cutaneous protothecosis:two new cases in China and literature review[J].Int J Dermatol,2012,51(3):328-331.
[37] Okazaki C,Wakusawa C,Chikama R,et al.A case of cutaneous protothecosis in a polyarteritis nodosa patient and review of cases reported in Japan[J].Dermatol Online J,2011,17(9):2.
[38] Zaitz C,Miranda GA,de Sousa VM,et al.Onychoprotothecosis:report of the first case in Brazil[J].Int J Dermatol,2006,45(9):1071-1073.
[39] Zaitz C,Godoy AM,Colucci FM,et al.Cutaneous protothecosis:report of a third Brazilian case[J].Int J Dermatol,2006,45(2):124-126.
[40] Jeunon T,Fantin-Ribeiro A,Jeunon-Sousa MA,et al.Erythematous plaque and shallow ulcers on right arm and forearm[J].Int J Dermatol,2009,48(11):1171-1173.
[41] Lee JS,Moon GH,Lee NY,et al.Case report:protothecal tenosynovitis[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res,2008,466(12):3143-3146.
[42] Knox J,Coloe SV,Perera C,et al.Prototheca wickerhamii olecranon bursitis successfully treated with adjunctive systemic itraconazole[J].Pathology,2015,47(4):388-391.
[43] Tan RM,Aw MM,Quak SH,et al.Pulmonary protothecosis in a pediatric liver transplant patient[J].J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc,2014,3(3):e31-e34.
[44] Kovalyshyn I,Brankov N,Fernandez AP.Erythematous and edematous plaques on the bilateral extremities in an immunocompromised patient.Protothecosis[J].Int J Dermatol,2016,55(2):e59-e61.
[45] Takano M,Hoshi S,Nagai K,et al.The first case of human protothecosis caused by Prototheca zopfii in Japan[J].J Infect Chemother,2014,20(10):647-649.
[46] Figueroa CJ,Camp BJ,Varghese GI,et al.A case of protothecosis in a patient with multiple myeloma[J].J Cutan Pathol,2014,41(5):409-413.
[47] Murata M,Ito T,Nagae K,et al.Disseminated protothecosis manifesting with multiple,rapidly-progressing skin ulcers:successful treatment with amphotericin B[J].Eur J Dermatol,2015,25(2):208-209.
[48] Tello-Zavala MC,Mercado-Lara A,Gomez-Hernandez N,et al.Disseminated protothecosis in a Mexican child[J].Pediatr Infect Dis J,2013,32(12):e476-e477.
[49] Gaur S,Marrin C,Barnes RA.Disseminated protothecosis following traumatic Hickman line removal in a patient with leukaemia[J].Med Mycol,2010,48(2):410-412.
[50] Mejia-Otero C,Singh S,Arias UL,et al.A rare case of prototheca algaemia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and recent belimumab infusion[J].Case Reports Immunol,2012,2012:754901-754902.
[51] Min Z,Moser SA,Pappas PG.Prototheca wickerhamii algaemia presenting as cholestatic hepatitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus:A case report and literature review[J].Med Mycol Case Rep,2012,2:19-22.
[52] Mcmullan B,Muthiah K,Stark D,et al.Prototheca wickerhamii mimicking yeast:a cautionary tale[J].J Clin Microbiol,2011,49(8):3078-3081.
[53] Perez MC,Camba M,Tinajas A,et al.Prototheca wickerhamii peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis[J].Nefrologia,2007,27(1):81-82.
[54] Waine B.Protothecosis:a lethal infection due to an achlorophylous algae[J].Clin Infect Dis,2014,59(12):187-197.
[55] 于长平,田洪青,周桂芝,等.皮肤无绿藻病1例[C]//中国中西医结学会皮肤性病专业委员会.全国中西医结合皮肤性病学术年会.南昌:中国中西医结学会皮肤性病专业委员会,2014:146.
[56] 虞胜镭,陈澍.无绿藻感染一例[J].中华传染病杂志,2008,26(11):700.
[57] 吴绍熙,吕桂霞,姜祎群,等.无绿藻病[J].临床皮肤科杂志,2007,36(2):127.
[58] Satoh K,Ooe K,Nagayama H,et al.Prototheca cutis sp.nov.,a newly discovered pathogen of protothecosis isolated from inflamed human skin[J].International Journal of Systematic & Evolutionary Microbiology,2009,60(Pt 5):1236-1240.
[59] Grzesiak B,Glowacka A,Krukowski H,et al.The in vitro efficacy of essential oils and antifungal drugs against Prototheca zopfii[J].Mycopathologia,2016,181(7-8):609-615.
[60] Bouari C,Bolfa P,Borza G,et al.Antimicrobial activity of Mentha piperita and Saturenja hortensis in a murine model of cutaneous protothecosis[J].J Mycol Med,2014,24(1):34-43.