[1] Kronstad JW,Attarian R,Cadieux B.Expanding fungal pathogenesis:Cryptococcus breaks out of the opportunistic box[J]. Nat Rev Microbiol,2011,9(3):193-203. [2] Dromer F,Mathoulin-Pelissier S,Launay O.Determinants of disease presentation and outcome during cryptococcosis:the CryptoA/D study[J]. PLoS Med,2007,4(2):e21. [3] Lortholary O,Poizat G,Zeller V.Long-term outcome of AIDS associated cryptococcosis in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy[J]. AIDS,2006,20(17):2183-2191. [4] Zaragoza O,Rodrigues ML,De Jesus M.The capsule of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans[J]. Adv Appl Microbiol,2009,68:133-216. [5] Ma H,May RC.Virulence in Cryptococcus species[J]. Adv Appl Microbio1,2009,67:131-190. [6] Maxson ME,Cook E,Casadevall A.The volume and hydration of the Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule[J]. Fungal Genet Biol,2007,44(3):180-186. [7] Doering TL.How sweet it is! Cell wall biogenesis and polysaccharide capsule formation in Cryptococcus neoformans[J]. Annu Rev Microbiol,2009,63:223-247. [8] Frases S,Nimrichter L,Viana NB.Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide and exopolysancharide fractions manifest physical,chemical,and antigenic differences[J]. Eukaryot Cell,2008,7 (2):319-327. [9] McFadden D,Zaragoza O,Casadevall A.The capsular dynamics of Cryptococcus neoformans[J]. Trends Microbiol,2006,14(11):497-505. [10] McFadden DC,Fries BC,Wang F.Capsule structural heterogeneity and antigenic variation in Cryptococcus neoformans[J]. Eukaryot Cell,2007,6(8):1464-1473. [11] McFadden DC,De Jesus M,Casadevall A.The physical properties of the capsular polysaccharides from Cryptococcus neoformans suggest features for capsule construction[J]. J Biol Chem,2006,28 1 (4):1868-1875. [12] Murphy JW.Influence of cryptococcal antigens on cell-mediated immunity[J]. Rev Infect Dis,1988,10 (Suppl 2):S432-435. [13] Ma H,Croudace JE,Lammas DA.Expulsion of live pathogenic yeast by macrophages[J]. Curr Biol,2006,16(21):2156-2160. [14] Mansour MK,Levitz SM.Interactions of fungi with phagocytes[J]. Curr Opin Microbiol,2002,5(4):359-365. [15] Shao X,Mednick A,Alvarez M.An innate immune system cell is a major determinant of species-related susceptibility differences to fungal pneumonia[J]. J Immunol,2005,175(5):3244-3251. [16] Feldmesser M,Kress Y,Casadevall A.Dynamic changes in the morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans during murine pulmonary infection[J]. Microbiology,2001,147 (8):2355-2365. [17] Frases S,Pontes B,Nimrichter L.A Capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans grows by enlargement of polysaccharide molecules[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2009,106 (4):1228-1233. [18] Granger DL,Perfect JR,Durack DT.Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.Regulation of capsule synthesis by carbon dioxide[J]. J Clin Invest,1985,76(2):508-516. [19] Vartivarian SE,Anaissie EJ,Cowart RE.Regulation of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide by iron[J]. J Infect Dis,1993,167(1):186-190. [20] Rivers J,Feldmesser M,Cammer M.Organ-dependent variation of capsule thickness in Cryptococcus neoformans during experimental murine infection[J]. Infect Immun,1998,66(10):5027-5030. [21] Zaragoza O,Casadevall A.Experimental modulation of capsule size in Cryptococcus neoformans[J]. Biol Proced Online,2004,6(1):10-15. [22] Nimrichter L,Frases S,Cinelli LP.Self-aggregation of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular glucuronoxylomannan is dependent on divalent cations[J]. Eukaryot Cell,2007,6 (8):1400-1410. [23] Zaragoza O,Telzak A,Bryan RA.The polysaccharide capsule of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans enlarges by distal growth and is rearranged during budding[J]. Mol Microbiol,2006,59 (1):67-83. [24] Griffith CL,Klutts JS,Zhang L.UDP-glucose dehydrogenase plays multiple roles in the biology of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans[J]. J Biol Chem,2004,279(49):51669-51676. [25] Yoneda A,Doering TL.A eukaryotic capsular polysaacharide is synthesized intracellularly and secreted via exocytoeis[J]. Mol Biol Cell,2006,17(12):5131-5140. [26] Gates MA,Thorkildson P,Kozel TR.Molecular architecture of the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule[J]. Mol Microbiol,2004,52(1):13-24. [27] Zaragoza O,Fries BC,Casadevall A. Induction of capsule growth in Cryptococcus neoformans by mammalian serum and CO2[J]. Infect Immun,2003,71(11):6155-6164. [28] Kozubowski L,Lee SC,Heitman J.Signalling pathways in the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus[J]. Cell Microbiol,2009,11(3):370-380. [29] Loftus B J,Fung E,Roncaglia P.The genome of the basidiomycetous yeast and human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans[J]. Science,2005,307(5713):1321-1324. [30] Chang YC,Kwon-Chung KJ.Isolation of the third capsule-associated gene,CAP 60,required for virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans[J]. Infect lmmun,1998,66(5):2230-2236. [31] Chang YC,Kwon-Chung KJ.Isolation,characterization,and localization of a capsule-associated gene, CAP10, of Cryptococcus neoformans[J]. J Bacteriol 1999,181 (18):5636-5643. [32] Chang YC,Kwon-Chung KJ.Complementation of a capsule-deficient mutation of Cryptocoocus neoformans restores its virulence[J]. Mol Cell Biol,1994,14(7):4912-4919. [33] Chang YC,Penoyer LA,Kwon-Chung KJ.The second capsule gene of Cryptococcus neoformans,CAP 64,is essential for virulence[J]. Infect Immun,1996,64(6):1977-1983. [34] Klutts JS,Doering TL.Cryptococcal xylosyltransferase 1 (Cxt1 p)from Cryptococcus neoformans plays a direct role in the synthesis of capsule polysaccharides[J]. J Biol Chem,2008,283(21):14327-14334. |